西部环境教育部重点实验室

孢粉与微体古生物实验室

孢粉分析

孢粉是孢子和花粉的简称。孢子植物的孢子和种子植物的花粉,都是生殖细胞。具有产量大、易于保存、体积小、保存广泛的特点。第四纪孢粉分析(Quaternary pollen analysis)或者孢粉学(Palynology是利用显微镜对沉积物中的花粉粒、孢子及其他非孢粉类型进行鉴定、统计、分析的古生态研究方法。俄国科学家Reinsch 1884年发表了一篇关于煤块里的花粉和孢子图片,并指出了现在常用的KOH-HF提取方法;1916瑞典地质学家von Post发表了第一幅化石乔木花粉组合图;我国地理学家丁骕1938发表了第一篇介绍花粉分析方法及其应用的中文文章孢粉分析提供了植被的第四维(时间序列)信息,是第四纪植被生态重建的主要手段。其原理为植物体产生大量的孢粉和孢子,少部分用于繁殖,绝大多数散落地表。当孢粉在缺氧环境(如湖底、海洋和泥炭沉积中)则不易腐蚀因此,当检测湖泊沉积物中的孢粉样品,就可以了解当时、当地过去的植被,于不同的深度检测很多个样品,就可以得到过去孢粉雨的记录也就得到了过去植被的记录;当检测空间上很多个点的样品,就可以研究植被的时空波动。由于晚第四纪植被的变化与气候变化与人类活动有关,第四纪孢粉分析主要应用于古气候以及人类活动的影响。

团队负责人:黄小忠教授

在读博士生:张军、胡玉、向丽雄、任秀秀、王涛

在读硕士生:王嘉乐、肖雨琳、黄宠、郑敏、王文佳

毕业学生:陈雪梅、彭卫、刘思丝、陈春珠等10余名。

部分成果:

1. Chen, X.M.*, Wu, D., Huang, X.Z.*, Lv., F., Brenner, M., Chen, F.H., 2020. Response of vegetation in subtropical southwest China to rapid climate change during the Younger Dryas. Earth-Science Reviews. 201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103080

2. Huang,X.Z.*, Zhang, J., Storozum, M., Liu, S.S., Gill, J. L., Xiang, L.X., Ren, X.X., Wang, J. L.L., Qiang, M.R., Chen, F.H., & Grimm, E.C., 2020. Long-term herbivore population dynamics in the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its implications for early human impacts. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 275, 104171.

3. Peng W.,Huang X.Z.*, Zhang D.J., Storozum M.J., Chen FH.,2019. In-site pollen record from Dadiwan archaeological site and human-environment relationship during Marine Isotope Stage 3. Quaternary Research. 91, 289-300.

4. Huang, X.Z.*, Peng, W., Rudaya, N., Grimm, E.C., Chen, X.M., Cao, X.Y., Zhang, J., Pan, X.D., Liu, S.S., Chen, C.Z., Chen, F.H., 2018. Holocene vegetation and climate dynamics in the Altai Mountains and surrounding areas. Geophysical Research Letters. 45, 6628-6636.

5. Huang, X.Z.*, Chen, XM., &Du, X., 2018. Modern pollen assemblages from human-influenced vegetation in northwestern china and their relationship with vegetation and climate. Vegetation History &Archaeobotany. 27, 767-780.

6. Zhang J., Huang X.Z.*, Wang Z.L., Yan T.L. and Zhang E.Y., 2018. A late-Holocene pollen record from the western Qilian Mountains and its implications for climate change and human activity along the Silk Road, Northwestern China. The Holocene. 28(7), 1141–1150.

7. Huang X.Z.*, Liu S.S., Dong G.H., Qing M.R., Zhao Y., Chen F.H., 2017. Early human impacts on vegetation on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the middle to late Holocene. Progress in Physical Geography. 41(3), 286-301.

介形类分析

介形类(Ostracoda)为节肢动物门(Arthropoda)甲壳纲(Crustacea)的个体微小、具双壳的微体生物类群。介形类具退壳的习性,其生命周期中一般退壳7-8次。成年个体壳长0.5~3 mm,其壳体由低镁方解石组成。在湖泊中,介形类一般生活在中性到碱性的环境中,这类环境的沉积物中,壳体能很好地保持。介形类的分布对气候(温度)、水环境(离子浓度、pH、水深、含氧量、营养盐)和生存条件(底质)的变化很敏感,因此常用来作为环境的指示器,逐渐成为古环境变化研究中常用的微体生物学指标,用来恢复湖泊水体水动力状况、水体温度、盐度变化等。

阳亚平. 末次冰消期以来西藏班公错沉积物记录的气候与环境变化[D].兰州大学,2016.

团队负责人:张家武教授

在读研究生:杨盼盼、毛春晖、张延利

在读博士生:周姗

毕业学生:何晶、陈硕、李双、郭小燕、王君兰、李晖、马雪洋、陈豆、张玉枝、阳亚平等10余名。

相关成果:

1. Zhang, Y., Zhang, J.,*McGowan, S., Metcalfe, S., Jones, M., Hou, J., 2020. Climatic and environmental change in the western Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene, recorded by lake sediments from Aweng Co. Quaternary Science Reviews. 2020 (Under Review).

2. Zhang, J., * Holmes, J.A., Chen, F., Qiang, M., Zhou, A., Chen, S. 2009. An 850-year ostracod-shell trace-element record from Sugan Lake, northern Tibetan Plateau, China: Implications for interpreting the shell chemistry in high-Mg/Ca waters. Quaternary International. 194,119–133.

3. Zhang J., Chen F., Battarbee R. et al, 2003. High-resolution precipitation variations in the North Tibet Plateau over the last 800 years documented by sediment cores of Lake Qinghai. Chinese Science Bulletin. 48(14), 1451-1456.

4. 张家武,王君兰,郭小燕,李双,何晶,陈硕,黄小忠,陈发虎,2010. 博斯腾湖全新世岩芯沉积物碳酸盐氧同位素气候意义. 第四纪研究30(6),1078–1087.

5. 张家武,何晶,陈硕,李双,2009. 第四纪湖相介形类壳体化石在古环境中的应用——种属组合研究进展与问题. 地球科学进展24(11) , 1229–1237.

硅藻分析

硅藻作为一种水生浮游藻类,硅质壳体使其能在沉积物中完好保存,且其壳体上的纹饰使其能精确鉴定至种,由于对水体环境变化具有较强的敏感性,硅藻组合的变化能较好地记录短尺度气候环境变化事件,因此常作为古气候、古环境重建的代用指标,用于指示水体温度、营养水平、pH值、光照等环境因子的变化。

SEM. Achnanthidiumminutissimum.(林雪如等,2018

团队负责人:黄小忠教授

已毕业学生:林雪如、孙明杰、杨美临等

访问学者:Dra. Luciane Fontana

相关成果:

1. Huang, X.Z.*,Sun, M.J., Xiang, L.X., Zhang, E.Y., Zhang, J., Eric, Grimm. 2020. The effect of diatoms on the grain size of lake sediments: a case study on the sediments of Lake Kanas. Journal of Paleolimonology, 63, 101-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-019-00104-1

2. Fontana, L., Sun, M.J., Huang, X.Z.*, Xiang, L.X.2019. Diatoms from Bosten Lake recorded human disturbance on aquatic ecology amplified by climate change in northwestern China over the past 2000 years. The Holocene. 2019, 29(12): 1871-1884.

3. Lin, X.R., Rioual, P.*, Peng, W., Yang, H.D., Huang, X.Z.*. 2018. Impact of recent climate change on Lake Kanas, Altai Mountains (N.W. China) inferred from diatom and geochemical evidence. Journal of Paleolimnology. 59(4), 461-477.

4. 林雪如Patrick Rioual*, 白志娟,彭卫,孙明杰,黄小忠*. 2018. 新疆喀纳斯湖现生硅藻调查及中国新记录种. 水生生物学报 423):645-658.

摇蚊分析

胡玉. 青藏高原东北部哈拉湖地区末次盛冰期以来的植被演化和气候变化历史. 2016.

摇蚊科昆虫属于底栖无脊椎动物,其三、四龄期幼虫几丁质化头壳能保存于湖泊沉积物中,易于提取和鉴定。因其分布范围广,属种丰富,生态幅狭窄,生命周期较短,移动能力强,能敏感响应环境因子变化等优点成为国际古气候古环境重建的理想代用指标之一。欧洲和北美的许多研究已证实摇蚊是古环境的有效指示器,重建温度、湖水盐度、湖泊水深相对准确可靠。随着摇蚊温度(夏季表层水温、七月份平均气温、年均温、盐度、水深(或湖泊水位)、营养状况(由总磷、叶绿素a、总氮等表征)以及底层滞水含氧量状况推断模型在各地的建立,基于摇蚊的古环境重建实现了定量化。

团队负责人:陈建徽教授

毕业学生:王海鹏等

相关文献:

1. Wang, H.P., Chen, J.H.*, Zhang, S.D., Zhang, D.D., Wang, Z.L., Xu, Q.H., Chen, S.Q., Wang, S.J., Kang, S.C., Chen, F.H., 2018. A chironomid-based record of temperature variability during the past 4000 years in northern China and its possible societal implications. Climate of the Past 14 (3), 383-396.

2. Wang, H., Brooks, S.J., Chen, J.H.*, Hu, Y., Wang, Z.L., Liu, J.B., Xu, Q.H., Chen, F.H., 2016. Response of chironomid assemblages to East Asian summer monsoon precipitation variability in northern China since the last deglaciation. Journal of Quaternary Science 31 (8), 967-982.

3. Chen, J.H.*, Zhang, E.L., Brooks, S.J., Huang, X.Z., Wang, H.P., Liu, J.B., Chen, F.H., 2014. Relationships between chironomids and water depth in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, northwest China. Journal of Paleolimnology 51, 313-323.

4. Chen, J.H., Chen, F.H.*, Zhang, E.L., Brooks, S.J., Zhou, A.F., Zhang, J.W.,r 2009. A 1000-year chironomid-based salinity reconstruction from varved sediments of Sugan Lake, Qaidam Basin, arid Northwest China, and its palaeoclimatic significance. Chin. Sci. Bull. 54, 3749-3759.

5. 胡玉, 陈建徽,魏国英, 吕飞亚, &王海鹏. (2016). 摇蚊指标在第四纪古环境重建中的应用进展.